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‘There is no message’: The search for ideological motives in the Minneapolis shooting

A memorial to shooting victims, consisting of flower bouquets, sits at the front sign of Annunciation Catholic Church in Minneapolis on August 28, 2025.

A memorial to shooting victims sits in front of Annunciation Catholic Church in Minneapolis on Aug. 28. A shooter fired through the windows of the church while students were sitting in pews during a Catholic school Mass. The assailant reportedly died at the scene from a self-inflicted gunshot wound, according to police.

A day after an assailant killed two children and wounded 18 other children and adults at a Catholic church in Minnesota, the FBI said the attack was motivated by “hate-filled ideology.” But online materials presumed to belong to the shooter paint a more complex picture, say several extremism analysts.

Instead, they say the emerging profile appears to align with a growing trend of school shootings committed by young people who harbor a misanthropic view of the world, who revere perpetrators of mass violence and who seek notoriety within communities that share that obsession.

“There does not seem to be a coherent ideological motive behind this attack,” said Amy Cooter, deputy director at the Institute for Countering Digital Extremism. “It really seems to be much more about the violence for the sake of violence.”

Cooter and other analysts have been combing through videos that were uploaded around the time of the attack to a YouTube account believed to belong to Robin Westman, the 23-year-old shooter. One showcases handwritten journals totaling over 200 pages. It is phonetically in English but written in Cyrillic letters. Another video shows a letter addressed to family and friends, in English, and then turns to an array of weapons laid out on a flat surface. They included a rifle, a shotgun, a handgun, a revolver, multiple magazines, a smoke bomb and a tactical belt.

“I think the most important thing is what the shooter wrote on the slide of that handgun: ‘There is no message,'” said Cody Zoschak, a senior manager at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. “There’s an inherently nonideological indication.”

A toxic stew of extremist influences

In his social media post, FBI Director Kash Patel said the agency found in Westman’s writings and other materials “anti-Catholic, anti-religious references,” “hatred and violence toward Jewish people” and “an explicit call for violence against President Trump.” But Cooter and Zoschak note that these are just a sampling of the animus that Westman displayed against a wide range of targets. They say that to select just a few is to ignore the larger picture that emerges from the evidence they’ve viewed: that Westman was obsessed with mass killing, particularly of children, for any — and no — reason at all.

“We have found markers of both right-wing and left-wing political views here,” said Cooter. “There are a few mentions of overt racism, of overt antisemitism, but they’re mixed in with a lot of references to many other things.”

For example, the inner cover of one notebook features a sticker of a pride flag with a rifle superimposed upon it and the words “Defend Equality.” Also, the handle associated with the YouTube account includes the numbers “1312,” a numerical code commonly used for the anti-police slogan “acab.” On one firearm, the words “Kill Trump Now” are written in white ink.

But there are also numerous references to extremist movements on the right. Among the scrawls on the weaponry are mentions of Waco, a standoff in Texas between the federal government and a religious group that ended in the deaths of dozens of people, including children. Also referenced in the materials are the Weavers, the family at the center of the 1992 Ruby Ridge standoff in Idaho. Both of those events have long animated far-right antigovernment and militia sentiments.

The materials are filled with callbacks to neo-Nazi and violent white supremacist killers. Particularly influential, it seems, is a 2019 mass shooting in New Zealand, where a violent white supremacist and Islamophobe killed 51 people at two mosques. But also, in the notebook, the names of several 9/11 hijackers are listed along with other mass killers whom Westman apparently emulated.

“We have a lot of random references that are really just part of this kind of swirling mass of violent references that we see in these spaces, that go to the point that this is nonideological,” said Zoschak.

Despite the incoherence of the ideological and political references and the scattershot invocations of cultural memes throughout the videos and writings, Zoschak and Cooter say they reflect an increasingly familiar profile of a school shooter. Westman’s obsession with mass killers echoes other recent school shooters, who have shared an affinity for the “true crime community,” where participants obsess over mass killers in online forums. In this case, the extensive references to past murderers span the globe and even mention perpetrators from as early as 1966.

Other references suggest an awareness of certain cultural markers within nihilistic violent extremist spaces, where individuals advocate violence for the purpose of accelerating societal collapse. There are also elements of “Saints Culture,” a subculture that venerates far-right terrorists and extols those who kill high numbers of victims.

“So all of those things, both alone and in combination, show us that Westman was really aware of some of these cultural scripts,” said Cooter.

A complex mental health picture

Authorities in Minneapolis have said they are not aware of any state-ordered mental health treatment for the assailant. But in the video showing a letter written to “family and friends,” the presumed shooter calls themself “severely depressed” and “suicidal for years.” They also write, “I am not well. I am not right.” Extremism analysts caution against accepting these pronouncements as fact.

“We need to recognize the limitations of relying only on this individual’s chosen projection of themselves online,” said Zoschak. “What we have available to us right now is the material that the shooter chose to make available to us.”

Zoschak said it is impossible to assess from the videos whether the attacker truly suffered from a mental illness. But he noted that within certain true crime community subcultures, there is an idealized “aesthetic” of mental unwellness that many individuals strive to convey.

“There are two factors that we consider here. One: within the true crime community, a desire to imitate and adopt the aesthetics of past mass killers, several of whom … did very much display these mentally unwell characteristics,” said Zoschak. “Simultaneously, within the true crime community, there is a large population of individuals who claim to be and very well may be suffering from disassociative identity disorder.”

The writings are compounded by random muttering and utterances in the videos, as well as discordant juxtapositions of video sequences. For example, after showing a letter written to loved ones that urges them to “pray for the victims and their families,” one video then goes through a slow walk of the deadly equipment that was presumably being prepared for the attack. That included a magazine on which is scrawled “For the children.”

Zoschak and Cooter both noted that the layering of these effects feels aesthetically similar to the digital footprint of an individual who opened fire at a July 4 parade in Highland Park, Ill., in 2022, killing seven people.

“I think it’s just a little too early to say for sure, but something that a lot of people don’t understand when they see individuals like this in the news is that those self-expressions that seem chaotic or unstable or just plain unwell are sometimes intentionally crafted to give that perspective,” said Cooter.

Further complicating any speculation about the attacker’s mental condition is the letter the attacker wrote to loved ones. Unlike some recent school shootings, where the assailants’ writings highlighted grievances against parents, this letter credits the parents with raising them in a loving and supportive household. It apologizes to family and friends for the “storm of chaos” that the attacker was about to bring into their lives.

“This is where we start seeing an extremely complex picture,” said Zoschak.

So far, authorities have said they believe the attack is attributed to just Westman. But Cooter said the ecosystem that Westman appears to have come out of is highly engineered by bad actors online who cultivate, in vulnerable people, a desire to commit violence.

“The way the material in the journals and in the YouTube videos really draw so heavily across many different spaces is very difficult to come by completely organically from someone acting on their own,” she said. “So it feels like there are probably certain people or at least certain online communities that were facilitating this process in the background.”

Transcript:

AILSA CHANG, HOST:

Today, FBI Director Kash Patel posted on X that yesterday’s mass shooting at a Minneapolis church was, quote, “an act of domestic terrorism motivated by a hate-filled ideology.” Extremism analysts have been looking through extensive materials that the shooter is presumed to have shared on a YouTube account, and some of these experts say the videos do not paint a picture of any motive. NPR domestic extremism correspondent Odette Yousef joins us now. Hi, Odette.

ODETTE YOUSEF, BYLINE: Hey, Ailsa.

CHANG: OK, I just want to start with what specifically FBI Director Patel cites as evidence that this attack was ideologically driven. He claims that – let’s see – the shooter made, quote, “anti-Catholic, antireligious references,” also expressed animus towards Jewish people and Israel and that the shooter called for violence against President Trump. Now, how does all of that line up with what you and analysts have found?

YOUSEF: So I need to preface this with some caveats. First of all, the FBI has access to far more information than I or any extremism researchers can access.

CHANG: Sure.

YOUSEF: Also, the main materials that we’ve been able to look at are writings presumed to belong to the shooter. That includes journals, which in this case have been phonetically written in English but with a Cyrillic script. So analysts are actually still working through to translate those full documents. That said, the picture that’s emerging for researchers that I’ve spoken with is quite different from what the FBI is saying.

The FBI is highlighting what it is calling anti-Catholic messages as well as anti-Israel and pro-Palestinian messages. The materials I’ve seen include, for example, a picture of Jesus crucified that is mounted onto a shooting target. So perhaps anti-Christian but not specifically anti-Catholic. And more notably, you know, there is a stew of hatreds here. You know, there is antisemitism in there. There’s also anti-Muslim references. But the bigger point is that to focus on any single one would be to cherry-pick. You know, instead, the overwhelming picture here is of somebody who was obsessed with mass shooters and a specific aesthetic of mass shooters but not an ideology. The goal was the violence itself and to achieve notoriety through it.

CHANG: Which seems to echo reporting that you have done on some other school shootings, right? Like, I’m thinking of the one at Abundant Life Christian School in Madison, Wisconsin, last December, also one at Antioch High School in Nashville in January, right?

YOUSEF: Yes. Yeah, and back near, you know, the beginning of the year, the FBI actually created a name for this category of violence called nihilistic violent extremism. Before that, the former head of the FBI sometimes used the phrase salad bar extremism, which kind of illustrates how the radicalization isn’t rooted in any single ideology or goal, but it’s…

CHANG: Yeah.

YOUSEF: …Just picking and choosing from different sometimes contradictory ones. But there’s another trend that analysts say may be at play here. And that is really about an aesthetic that dwells on mental illness, meaning these shooters are in online communities that venerate mass killers and where mental illness is something they want people to associate with them. Now, it’s not possible to conclude from watching someone’s, you know, curated selection of videos whether they are clinically mentally ill or not, but the aesthetic that this individual stitched together and presented is a familiar one.

CHANG: Interesting. Well, I also want to mention that there’s been a lot of discussion among some conservatives and the media about how the shooter’s gender identity may be relevant here. What do the researchers that you’re talking to – what are they saying about that?

YOUSEF: So in a 2020 court order, it was noted that the shooter – born a male – identifies as a female. Now, the numbers simply don’t bear out the idea that trans people are disproportionately responsible for mass shootings in the U.S. But the trans community in the U.S. is vulnerable, and that could potentially make them susceptible to online radicalization in ways others may not be.

CHANG: That is NPR’s Odette Yousef. Thank you, Odette.

YOUSEF: Thank you.

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